Glossary

refers to the condition wherein there is an increase in lymphocyte count beyond the normal range.

is wherein more erythrocytes are produced than normal and their count is truly elevated.

is the final stage of infection with HIV wherein, the immune system if severely damaged that they can an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic illnesses.

- is a screening test used in the laboratory in order to determine a possible bleeding disorder or blood clot; to help investigate recurrent miscarriages, for monitoring of unfractionated heparin anticoagulant therapy, and this test is also indicated as part of an evaluation before(...)

refers to the combination of complement proteins which include C1, C4b and C2b-that forms the enzyme, C3 convertase, whose substrate is C3.

it is the process where the platelets stick to other structures such as the blood vessel wall.

it refers to the strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single combining site on the antibody.

are antibodies that are directed against the alloantigens introduced to the body by transfusion or pregnancy.

refers to the antigen that is derived from other members of species of host.

refers to different individuals of the same species.

is a major plasma protein that is normally made by the liver in a developing fetus and the portion of a developing embryo that is similar to the yolk cavity in bird eggs.

are disorders that cause increased amino acids in the urine.

a procedure being used in order to look for certain types of birth defects.

also called the secondary response, is a short, prolonged, with a higher level of antibodies for a longer period of time, and the antibody predominant in this response is IgG due to the subsequent exposure to a previously encountered, recognized foreign antigen.

refers to the tumor that is poorly differentiated by cell type but is similar to embryonic or fetal tissue.

refers to the abnormal number of chromosomes such as having a single extra chromosome, or a missing chromosome.

is a peptide hormone whose function is to cause vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure

- refers to the variation in the color density of red blood cells, which indicates unequal hemoglobin content among the erythrocytes.  

- is the medical term that is being used for having red blood cells that are unequal in size.  

is the small triangular depression in the arm which is formed by the connection of the humerus with the radius and ulna of the forearm. This site is the one commonly used in venipuncture.

is a test being performed in order to detect clinically significant unexpected antibodies that have coated cells either in vitro or in vivo.

is a defense mechanism invoked by parasites that involves variable synthesis of surface antigens to evade an immune response by the host.

is the term that is used to indicate a gradual continuous ongoing process that results in the emergence of new strain variants.

refers to the sudden change in the antigen by which an novel strain of virus is evolved which acquires the capability of infecting human beings.

- also known as coagulation factor VIII  

are substances with reactive properties whose main goal is to eliminate the cancer cells without affecting normal tissues.

are autoantibodies that are directed against the the antigens found in the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and monocytes.

an autoantibody that attacks the proteins inside the cells and is most often found in SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) along with other autoimmune disorders.    

refers to the factor in the serum that acts against the cellular nucleus.

a gene that suppresses a tumor and guard against unregulated cell growth.

refers to an antibody that is directed against the cells of the stomach.

is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antibodies against the cell-membrane phospholipids that provokes thrombosis in both veins and arteries, as well as pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, or severe preeclampsia.

is an alpha-2 globulin that circulates in the plasma and it inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation cascade.  

refers to the nonpassage of urine

is the oxygenated blood found in left chambers of the heart, pulmonary vein and in the arteries.

is a medical procedure wherein a syringe is used to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule.

a rare adverse reaction after vaccination with large and more severe local reactions, belonging to Type III hypersensitivity reaction.  

are artificial particles that can occur due to errors during the blood handling or during the collection of the sample.

refers to the accumulation of protein containing (ascitic) fluid within the abdomen

refers to the inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements such as walking, or picking up objects.

is a rare inherited disorder that affects the nervous system, the immune system and other body parts.

is a very common, often chronic skin disease that makes you skin red and itchy.

refers to an antigen belonging to the host that normally does not elicit an immune response.

refers to any chromosome in a eukaryotic cell that is not a sex chromosome.

this refers to the overall strength of binding between the multivalent antigens and antibodies.  

is a measure of the overall strength of binding between multivalent antigens and antibodies.

refers to the bones of the head and trunk of the body.

refers to the diseases that are associated with B- lymphocytes such as CLL.

refers to the bacteria in the bloodstream

is the vein which is the third choice in venipuncture because it is more difficult to find than the other veins and it is close to the artery, nerves and tendons which makes an increased possibility of injury to the patient.

a non malignant tumor that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.

- is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized by unusually large platelets, low platelet count, and prolonged bleeding time.  

- is an inherited blood disorder wherein the body has a problem in the synthesis of the beta chain of hemoglobin resulting in variable phenotypes ranging from severe anemia to clinically asymptomatic individuals.  

refers to the difference between a measurement and true value;may be constant or proportionate and may adversely affect the test results.

is a major extracellular buffer in the body and helps regulate body pH and is necessary for various metabolic reactions in the body.

is a yellowish substance in the blood and comes from the breakdown of red blood cells in the body.

refers to the relative amount of the drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation.

this refers to a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on living or inert surfaces and surround themselves with secreted polymers.

is anything harmful and is a biological material that poses harm to the health of other living organisms. Examples include blood, bodily fluids and medical wastes.

is a portable safety station used to protect personnel against biohazardous or infectious agents and to help maintain quality control of the material being worked with as it filters both the inflow and exhaust air.

are a series of protections designed prevent harm to laboratory personnel, as well as the surrounding environment and community.

these are precautionary measures that are being followed in order to stop the spread or introduction of harmful organisms to human, animal and plant life.

also known as biological attack is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria or other germs that can cause illness or death and damage livestock.

refers to the distinctive safety pin appearance of Yersinia pestis by the use of a polychromatic stain such as Wayson or Wright-Giemsa stain.

are pipettes that look like a graduated cylinder with a stopcock at the bottom.

- this refers to the most immature form of a cell.  

- is wherein there are more than 20% of blasts in the blood or bone marrow of patients with a treated leukemia previously in remission.

is one of the three types of vegetative “spore” arising directly from the vegetative mycelium; budding form, an example of such is seen in yeasts.

refers to the inflammation of the eyelids in which they become red, irritated and itchy and dandruff-like scales form on the eyelashes.

is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells responsible for the protection of pathogens and circulating toxins that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain.  

refers to pathogenic microorganisms found in blood that can cause disease in humans.

- is the spongy or viscous tissue that fills the inside of your bones. The two types of bone marrow include: red bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of blood cells; and yellow marrow which helps store fat.  

is used for the detection and isolation of Bordetella pertussis from clinical specimens.

is the neurotoxic protein that is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum.

is a rare but serious illness that is caused by the ingestion of preformed toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum.

is the revival of epidemic typhus years after the initial attack. The agent that causes epidemic typhus remains viable for many years and then when the host defenses are down, it is reactivated causing recurrent typhus.

is a liquid medium without agar and is used to detect small numbers of aerobes, anaerobes, and microaerophiles.

is the recommended medium that is being used for the selective cultivation of Legionella species.

- the part of an anticoagulated blood that contains white blood cells and platelets.  

is a rare form of fast-growing B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma that may affect the jaw, central nervous system, bowel movement, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs.

is a pouch from the dorsal part of the cloaca in birds, that becomes the site of formation of lymphocytes with B cell characteristics.

refers to the earliest erythroid precursor that eventually differentiates into erythrocytes.

is protein made by the liver whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation.  

- are thin, threadlike, ring-shaped, figure 8 shaped inclusions seen in stained red blood cells. Chediak-Higashi anomaly- is a rare, inherited autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by the presence of large granules and inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of white blood(...)

refers to a medical condition that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting, and can include loss of body fat.

a hormone that is being produced in the thyroid gland; and is important in the regulation of the blood’s calcium and phosphate levels.

is the test that is being used for the presumptive identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in the laboratory. A positive result is determined by enhanced, arrowhead, beta-hemolysis at the junction of the two organisms.

is the worlds leading organization of pathologists.

is blood that is collected from the capillary beds that consists of the smallest veins and arteries of the circulatory system.

refers to microorganisms that require a higher atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to grow.

refers to the protein shell covering a virus.

organelle in some prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cell located outside the cell wall of a bacteria. The capsule helps the bacteria to evade phagocytosis, helps the bacteria to adhere to surfaces and it preserves nutrients or protection against dessiccation.

is an immunoassay that uses two antibodies. The first antibody binds with the solid phase; the second antibody has an enzyme label and acts as an indicator.

is an enzyme that aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions.

refers to any substance that promotes carcinogenesis, or the formation of cancer

this refers to the first stage of whooping cough and in this phase, the symptoms are mild and may go unnoticed.

is a positively charged ion, with fewer electrons and protons; and they migrate towards the direction of the cathode because of their positive charge.

are useful cell markers that are used in the identification and characterization of leukocytes.

are white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system and fight infection.

is a serious autoimmune disease that occurs due in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

is the type of immunity which is mediated by the activated antigen-specific T cells.

refers to the error wherein more than one cell passes through the aperture of an impedance cell-counting instrument at the same time.

is a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection that involves deep tissues; can be accompanied by bacteremia or sepsis.

refers to the inflammation of the the subcutaneous tissue and occurs mainly due to staphylococcus, or streptococcus entering through a crack or break in the skin.

is a technique that is being used in the laboratory and is achieved by applying centrifugal force and promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture.

is a small structure made up of microtubules which exists as part of the centrosome, which helps organize microtubules of the body.

is the area of the cell wherein it serves as the main microtubule organizing centers for animal cells.

is the second vein of choice in venipuncture and is a superficial vein of the upper limb and it is the one of the two main veins of the arm.

are four interconnected cavities of the brain lined by ependymal cells and filled by CSF, spinal cord, and cauda equina.

is a clear, colorless bodily fluid that is found in the brain and the spinal cord. It serves various purposes for the brain and spinal cord which include: buoyancy, protection, prevention of brain ischemia, homeostasis and for the clearing of wastes.  

refers to colony-forming-unit-granulocyte-macrophage.

refers to the constant region of the heavy chain gene of an immunoglobulin.

is the process of the documentation in the laboratory and is done in order to ensure the reliability of the reported results

is a soft painless genital lesion that is the predominant lesion of primary syphilis.

sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with Haemophilus ducreyi. It is a highly contagious, painful genital ulcer that may be accompanied by inguinal lymphadenopathy.

are cells that are being used in the verification of negative results obtained in indirect or direct antiglobulin tests.

is a written program developed in order to ensure that the employees are protected from harm due to chemicals.

refers to a condition wherein a person has not only one, but two complete genomes in their body.

is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the obligate intracellular organism Chlamydia trachomatis, which has a biphasic developmental cycle.

refers to a rare malignant tumor that is made up of granulocyte precursor cells.

is the enterotoxin that is produced by Vibrio cholerae; it is also known as cholera toxin.

refers to one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.

a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during the eukaryotic cell division.

is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and the subcutaneous tissues caused by traumatic inoculation of a specific group of dematiaceous fungi through the skin.

is a rare inherited primary immunodeficiency disease where certain cells involved with immunity are unable to destroy bacteria and hence, the patient suffers repeated bacterial infections.

- is a type of cancer that affects a type of leukocyte called a lymphocyte.  

is a milky appearing bodily fluid consisting of lymphatic fluid and chylomicrons.  

is a food poisoning that is caused by eating a fish that is contaminated by ciguatera toxin.

they are usually autoantibodies that mature spontaneously and decrease the activity of a specific clotting factor.

is a test that is being done in order to test an organism’s ability to utilize citrate as a source of energy.

is a mechanism that changes a B cells production of antibody from one class to another.

is a reagent tablet that is being used in order to detect reducing substances such as various sugars.

is a non-profit organization that provides standards and guidelines for medical healthcare professionals through its unique consensus process.

refers to the measure of the dispersion of data points around the mean.

refers to the event wherein, one cell is within the boundaries of the aperture at the same time, only a single pulse is counted.

is a structural protein that is found in skin, tendons, bone and cartilage.

refers to diseases of the skin, tendons, bone and cartilage, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

is a histogram that includes both the forward and right angle-scatter information.

refers to an organism living in a relationship in which one organism derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it.

refers to the type of relationship between two living organisms wherein one organism benefits from the other without harming it.

a clinical laboratory education, consultation, and accreditation organization.

refers to any cell of the lymphoid series that can react with an antigen to produce an antibody or participate in cell-mediated reactions.

is a type of immunoassay that is based upon the competition of labeled and unlabeled ligand for a limited number of antibody binding sites.

is a technique being used in order to detect and quantify antibody that serology does not agglutinate or precipitate when reacted with its antigen. If complement is fixed by a specific antigen-antibody reaction, it will be unable to combine with the indicator system.

is a part of the immune system that refers to a series of proteins that play a critical role in inflammation and defense against bacterial infections.

refers to the adherence to the established laws.

are constituents of blood, separated from whole blood that are used in tranfusion.

is a syndrome that is characterized by chronic pancytopenia with or without severe definite congenital anomalies in which there is evidence of a constitutional origin.

- this group of coagulation factors interact in vitro to initiate coagulation on artificial surfaces through activation of factor XI.  

a bacteremia that occurs when organisms that are coming from an intravascular source and are consistently present in the bloodstream.

is a phase that is marked by the complete resolution of clinical signs of the illness, injury or surgery.

refers to an enzyme that is associated with the complement system.  

- refers to the most severe form of beta thalassemia and persons affected have the two defective beta hemoglobin genes.  

refers to a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity.

refers to the measure of the anticipated increase in the platelet count following a platelet transfusion.

releasing hormone- a hormone made by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland.

a steroid hormone that is being produced by the adrenal glands and this hormone regulate blood sugar levels, body metabolism and is best known for helping fuel your body’s “fight or flight” instinct in a crisis.

- is a method of cell counting that is based on measurable changes in electrical impedance produced by nonconductive particles suspended in an electrolyte.  

refers to the process by which a small osmolality difference, at each level of the outer medulla, between fluid flows in ascending and descending limbs of the loops of Henle, is multiplied by the countercurrent flow configuration to establish a large axial osmolality difference from 300 mOsm/L(...)

is a human skin infection that is caused by hookworms.

are values in the laboratory that are grossly abnormal and outside the normal range to a degree that may constitute an immediate health risk to the individual or require immediate action on the part of the ordering physician.

happens when an antibody raised against one specific antigen has a competing high affinity toward a different antigen.  

refers to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes.

is caused by the accumulation of MSU,CPPD,BCP, including hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate crystals in the joints of persons with gout or pseudogout.

refers to the rare genetic disorder wherein there is accumulation of the amino acid cystine within cells, forming crystals that can build up and damage the cells.

is a disease wherein there is high concentrations of cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder.

is the inflammation of the bladder caused a bladder infection. Common causes of cystitis include Escherichia coli infection, exposure to chemotherapy drugs, radiation, prolonged exposure to catheters and may also be a result of a complication to other disorders.  

refers to the part of cell division where the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides.

refers to the morphological changes occuring in cells due to viral infections.

is a test that determines how the body’s ability to absorb xylose. It measures the xylose level in the blood and urine after a standard amount is ingested in order to evaluate the person’s ability to absorb carbohydrates in general.

refers to the inflammation of the lacrimal glands.

refers to the infection or inflammation of the nasolacrimal sac.

the infectious particle found within the body of an Hepatitis B infected patient.  

a specialized type of microscope that is used to examine live microorganisms that are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods, or so are distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified.

is a type of movement pattern that is one of the characteristics of Campylobacter spp.

a host in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity and undergoes sexual reproduction.

is the loss of the granules such as in your basophil when an antigen bind to two adjacent IgE antibody molecules located on the surface of mast cells.

is a hypersensitivity reaction that involves sensitized T lymphocytes rather than antibodies.

is a type of mutation that involves the loss of a genetic material.

refers to a viral infection caused by the hepatitis D virus, and causes symptoms only in people who have hepatitis B infection.

is a quality control tool in the laboratory wherein the laboratory test result of the patient is being compared in the previous ones.

- is a type of storage granule that is found in mature platelets.

is a diagram that shows the interrelationships between a group of organisms.

- refers to the form of hemoglobin without oxygen.

is a cabinet-level executive branch of the department of the U.S federal government and its goal is to enhance the health and well-being of all Americans, by providing for effective health and human services, and by fostering sound, sustained advances in the sciences underlying medicine,(...)

a pathogenic fungus that infects the keratinized parts of the body (skin, hair, and nails).

a disorder wherein the glucose levels are abnormally high due to insufficient insulin production to meet its needs.

the process in which the nature of a disorder, or a disease is determined.

- is the event wherein the leukocytes migrate from the blood circulation to the sites of inflammation or tissue injury and in the recirculation of lymphocytes from the blood to the lymphatic compartment.  

refers to the increase in the frequency of bowel movements or a decrease in the form of stool that may be due to bacteria,parasite,problems in the GIT, food intolerances, antibiotics etc.

media that is designed to inhibit the growth of some organisms while encouraging the growth of others.

refers to the addition of a solvent, which decreases the concentration of the solute in the solution and may reduce the interfering substances to a point where it no longer interferes with the test.

refers to the ratio of the concentrated stock being used or stock solution to the total volume.

is a test used primarily to determine whether red blood cells have been coated in vivo with immunoglobulin, complement, or both.

 - is a serious coagulation disorder that is characterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, which results in the generation and deposition of fibrin, leading to microvascular thrombi in various organs and contributing to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.  

is the nephron segment that lies immediately downstream of the macula densa, and is responsible for the reabsorption of calcium,sodium,and chloride and regulates the pH of urine by secreting protons and absorbing bicarbonate.

refers to the inflammation of the pouches that can form in your intestines.

a technique being used in order to determine the presence of protein of interest in a sample.  

is a simple and quick technique that is being used to determine if your antibodies and detection system are effective.

refers to the medical condition wherein the person has an extra chromosome.

refers to the early classification system of certain forms of variant lymphocytes.

refers to the process wherein the drug moves from its site of delivery into the bloodstream.

refers to the circulation and diffusion of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues of the body and the relative proportions if drug in the tissues.

refers to the irreversible clearance of a drug from the body by a variety of mechanisms.

refers to the use of drugs, inappropriately or illegally for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain.

are venous channels found between the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain. Its primary function is to drain all the venous blood within the cranial cavity and deliver it back to the cardiovascular circulation, via the internal jugular vein below the jugular foramen, which(...)

is a type of intestinal inflammation that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and/or blood in the feces which if untreated is often fatal.

refers to the defective development of the white blood cells.

refers to shortness of breath, or difficulty in breathing.

is a state that is characterized by abnormal, often excessive, synthesis of Ig molecules or subunits.

is a severe toxic complication of preeclampsia.

is a cutaneous skin infection most commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia.

a parasite that lives on the external surface of another living organism.

an inflammatory condition that cause the skin to become inflamed or irritated.  

this refers to the swelling and puffiness in different areas of the body when too much fluid becomes trapped in the tissues of the body, particularly the skin.  

is a protein secreted by Bacillus anthracis, and is one of the three proteins that make up the anthrax toxin.

- also known as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is the most commonly used anticoagulant utilized for routine hematology.  

are transport proteins which force out toxic substrates from within cells into the external environment.

is a strain of Vibrio cholerae that belong to the serotype O1.

refers to the electrically charged materials and compounds that help for the normal functioning of the body.

a test being done in order to determine whether or not a strain of Corynebacterium diptheriae is toxigenic.

is the metabolically nonreplicating infectious particle form of Chlamydia.

refers to the removal of antibodies bound to red cell membrane. The objective is to recover the antibody in a usable form.  

refers to the pathogens whose incidence is increasing following its appearance in a new host population or whose incidence is increasing in an existing population as a result of long-term changes in its underlying epidemiology.

a zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved.

a collection of pus in the pleural cavity, which is the area between your lungs and the inner surface of your chest wall.

an infection that is very similar to syphilis but is not sexually transmitted. It is caused by the Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum spirochaete bacterium.

are ductless internal glands of secretion and they secrete their products,hormones, directly into the blood.

- refers to the process in which the plasma membrane captures small molecules, macromolecules, with the subsequent formation of membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytoplasm.  

refers to objects that are being used in the workplace that isolate or remove a hazard, reducing the risk of exposure.

is a systemic disease that is caused by the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria.

are a large, heterogenous group of gram-negative rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract.

refers to a viral gene of a retrovirus such as HIV that encodes for a polyprotein that contains numerous glycosylation sites.

are biological catalysts that hasten up chemical reactions that take place within the cells in our body.

is a technique being used in order to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and glycoproteins in biological samples.

also known as antigen determinant is the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself.

is a bacterial skin infection that affects upper dermis that characteristically extends into the superficial cutaneous lymphatics.

is an acute bacterial infection of traumatized skin and other organs caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

- also known as red blood cells, are anucleate , biconcave cells, filled with hemoglobin, that is responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues.  

- also known as sed rate is a test that is performed to measure how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of the test tube that contains a blood sample.  

is a dead tissue found in a full thickness wound that sheds or falls off from the skin.

is a test that measures your level of kidney function and determine your stage of kidney disease. The physician can do this by calculating it from the results of your blood creatinine test, your age, body size and gender.

refers to a microorganism causing a disease.

is a process of blood collection that is the standard equipment for routine venipuncture.

is any eruptive skin rash that is often related to a viral infection.

refers to the procedure which involves removal of patient’s blood completely and replacement with fresh blood or plasma of the donor.

they are glands that have ducts and secrete materials onto some surface- generally the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or respiratory epithelium.

is a statistical test that is being used in order to compare two or more groups of data.

these represent the antigen binding fragment of an intact antibody containing both the variable and constant regions of both heavy and light chains.

is a major regulator of complement activation that blocks the formation of C3 convertase and is a cofactor for the cleavage of C3b by Factor I.  

is a protein of the complement system which is responsible for the cleavage of C3b and C4b.

refers to the blood specimens in the laboratory drawn from a patient who has not eaten for at least 12 hours.

they are carboxylic acids and are the major consituents of triglycerides and phospholipids

the portion of an antibody responsible for the activation of phagocytes and binding to antibody receptor on cells and the C1q component of the complement.  

the presence of white blood cells in the stool and could be a result of inflammatory diarrhea, bacterial infection in the digestive system and response to infection in the digestive system.  

- refers to the protein that contains iron and is the primary form of iron stored inside of cells.  

- is an insoluble protein that is produced in the body in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot.  

- also known as Factor I  

short, sticky, proteinaceous, nonmotile extensions of some bacteria that help the cells to adhere to one another and to the substances in the environment.

refers to the reaction wherein a constant proportion of the drug is cleared per unit of time. The rate of elimination in first-order kinetics is proportional to the amount of drug in the body. The higher the concentration, the greater the amount of drug is eliminated per unit of time.

- also known as HMWK, Flaujeac factor and Williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor.  

is a technique that is being used in order to measure the wavelength and intensity of light that is being emitted from a burning solution.

refers to the process wherein colloids in a suspension can be obtained in an aggregated form.

- it is the synthetic form of folate, which is one of the vitamins of the B complex is a B vitamin that helps make DNA and other genetic material.  

are red cells that can be frozen with the use of cryopreservation techniques.

is a gene of a retrovirus such as HIV that forms higher ordered structures required for the correct assembly, budding, and maturation of new infectious particles.

- is a monocytic disorder that is caused by low levels of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which breaks down a fatty chemical in the body called glucocerebroside.  

a collection of microscopic DNA spots that are attached to a solid surface.

the interior location of secondary follicles where B cells mature, proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes during a normal immune response to an infection.

is a type of tumor that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and begins in the glial cells.  

refers to the fluid in the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron that has been filtered from the capillaries of the glomerulus.

is a cluster of capillaries that is responsible for the filtration of plasma to produce glomerular filtrate, which passes down the length of the nephron tubule to form urine.

is the metabolic process in which the result is the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates, such as lactate and amino acids.

- an outer part of the platelet that surrounds the platelet’s cellular membrane.  

refers to the process in which the glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting.

refers to the anaerobic process in which the goal is to turn glucose into pyruvate, so it can enter krebs cycle to produce energy and generate more energy in the process.

is wherein the urine contains more glucose than usual exceeding the renal threshold

refers to the subfraction of normal hemoglobin that is formed during the maturation of the red blood cell.

is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

are procedres used by blood banks and transfusion services as a guideline for work practices.

- refers to white blood cells that have granules of enzymes which help to digest the invading microbes

are debris in joint prosthesis that look like ground pepper present in synovial fluid.

are white-gray and rubbery, occur singly or multiply; symptom of tertiary syphilis.

a salt loving organism that can grow in higher salt concentrations.

is a protein that binds free plasma hemoglobin.

is term that is used to describe events that involve hazardous materials or specialized teams who deal with these incidents.

are heme breakdown products that accumulate and crystalize in macrophages that have digested erythrocytes.

refers to the presence of blood or intact red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine and may be classified as gross, or macroscopic hematuria, and microscopic hematuria wherein the blood can only be seen under the microscope.  

is the major form of hemoglobin that is present in adults.

is the major hemoglobin that is present in fetus.

is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that is found in sickle cell anemia and/or sickle cell trait.

is a blood condition in which red blood cells split open resulting in excess amounts of hemoglobin in blood.

refers to genetic disorders that affect the structure of the hemoglobin molecule or a deficiency in the synthesis of normal adult hemoglobin.

is a substance that destroys erythrocytes and liberates hemoglobin.

is a hereditary disorder wherein the body doesn’t have enough factor VIII.

is a hereditary disorder wherein the body doesn’t have enough factor IX.

refers to the blood that is escaping from your circulatory system from the damaged blood vessels to spaces inside the body.

- is an iron-containing, granular, brown pigment that is formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin or an abnormal metabolic pathway of ferritin.  

- is an anticoagulant that is used to prevent blood clots from forming in people who have certain medical conditions or who are undergoing medical procedures that increase the chances that clots will form.  

the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney.  

the area of an antibody molecule that is responsible for facilitating the interaction between the antigen and the antibody, and in facilitating complement activation.  

test being used in the presumptive identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and group B streptococci, by detecting the ability of the organism to hydrolyze hippurate.

is an intermediate in the breakdown of the catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine. Accumulation of such is a result of the failure of the enzyme homogentisic acid 1,2-dioxygenase due to a genetic mutation in this enzyme and is associated with alkaptonuria.

- are very course, round cytoplasmic inclusions that contain DNA.  

is a solid medium recommended for the use in qualitative procedures for selective isolation and presumptive identification of Gardnerella vaginalis.

is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the corpeus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.  

is a virus that attacks the cells in the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells.

a component of the adaptive immunity where B cells secrete antibodies, which circulate in the blood as a soluble protein.

is the extracellular matrix that is found in the joint fluid connective tissue, epithelium, and neural tissues.

is a type of transplant rejection that occurs within minutes or hours in presensitized patients who have circulating HLA,ABO or other alloantibody to donor endothelial surface antigens.  

- is the medical term for a condition wherein the blood tends to clot too much.

- a condition wherein the neutrophils contain more than five nuclear segments.  

are immune responses that are exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen.  

small regions of high amino acid sequence diversity within the variable regions of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor. They correspond to the complementarity determining regions

are a group of symptoms caused by increased blood viscosity in the circulation.  

- is a term used when the central pallor of red blood cells exceeds one third of the cell’s diameter and the erythrocytes have less color than normal when examined under a microscope.  

- is a condition wherein the neutrophils fail to have normal segmentation.

- refers to the state or condition wherein there is a deprived amount of oxygen in the body tissues.  

a commercialized reagent tablet used in the laboratory to test the presence of bilirubin in the urine.  

is a procedure that is only performed after an antibody screen is done and found to be negative on a current specimen.

is a protein aggregate comprised of a network of immunoglobulins bound to epitopes on cognate antigens.

refers to the state of being protected against foreign antigens.  

these are quick and accurate laboratory tests or procedures that can be used on-site and in the laboratory to detect specific molecules.  

this means that the immune system is working properly and that the body is capable of mounting an appropriate immune response, when necessary.  

refers to an individual with deficient immunologic mechanisms either because of an immunodeficiency disorder, or because the system has been rendered so by immunosuppressive agents.  

a classic technique that is being used to detect the presence of antibodies and determine their specificity by looking at the lines of identity (precipitin lines).  

refers to the study of the structure and function of the immune system.  

is the process that involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system.  

is any drug or chemical agent that causes immunosuppression, including immunosuppressive drugs and some environmental toxins.  

is a process of the immune system to get rid of cancer cells as they form has long been postulated.  

is a treatment that is designed to harness the ability of the body’s immune system to combat infection or disease.  

these are antibodies that are coupled to toxins to help destroy cancer cells.

are rare genetic inherited disorders that generally result from a defect in an enzyme or transport protein which results in a block in a metabolic pathway.

are microorganisms that are known to afford protection against colonization by pathogenic microorganisms.

a test being performed in order to determine the ability of certain bacteria to decompose the amino acid trptophane to indole, which accumulates in the medium.

is a disease wherein there is a failure of a male or a female to achieve a clinical pregnancy.

is the process in which a health care provider educates the patient about purpose, potential risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention.

refers to the resistance to a disease that an individual is born with (innate).  

it is a peptide hormone that is made by the pancreas that allows the body to use glucose from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use.

are set of proteins which are released by virus infected cells in vivo and which reacts with uninfected cells so as to render them resistant to infection to virus.

a host in which the parasite passes its larval or asexual stages.

a useful technique done in order to separate organisms in a mixed culture, or when you need to study the colony morphology of an organism.

- refers to the irreversible cell death and its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm.  

a neurologic syndrome that results when bilirubin is deposited in brain cells and disrupts the neuronal metabolism and function.  

are type of immune cells that kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.  

are small biologically active peptides that cause inflammation and affect blood pressure.

is a specialized phagocytic type of cell that lines the sinusoids of the liver

is a disease wherein there is a marked protein malnutrition bilateral extremity swelling.

is a system of classification of streptococci based on the presence of absence of antigenic carbohydrate on the cell surface.

concealed, hidden or inactive.  

an infection wherein the host does not shed the infectious agent which lies dormant within the host without symptoms.  

is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection that is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.

a procedure in which whole blood is removed from a donor; and separation is done in order to collect white blood cells.

is a cytotoxin which causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis.  

is an enzyme present in most of the white blood cells (WBCs).  

- refers to the significant increase in the number of white blood cells due to any cause.  

- is a condition wherein an individual has a severe decrease in the total white blood cell count.  

are metabolites of arachidonic acid and are involved in asthmatic and allergic reactions and act to sustain inflammatory reactions.

is being used to correct for gestations of less than 27 weeks because bilirubin levels normally peak 23-25 weeks of gestation in unaffected fetuses.

a non-random association of alleles at two or more loci.

refers to the turbidity of the sample caused by an abnormally high concentration of lipids in the blood.

a medical procedure that is being done in order to collect a cerebrospinal fluid for physicians to diagnose disorders of the brain and the spinal cord.  

is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1,L2 or L3 and is a long-term infection of the lymphatic system.

is an important virulence factor found in the cell wall of Streptococcus pyogenes and play multiple roles in streptococcal infection.

are cells of the distal convoluted tubule that interact with the juxtaglomerular apparatus, and its main function is to regulate blood pressure and filtration rate of the glomerulus.

is a disorder wherein the small intestine is unable to absorb nutrients.

defined as defective hydrolysis of nutrients as a result of pancreatic exocrine or bile salt deficiency.  

is a severe form of malnutrition and results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories.

is defined as the replacement by transfusion of more than 50 percent of a patient’s blood volume in 24 hours.

is used in the microbiology laboratory as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within a given range to standardize microbial testing.

- refers to the average amount of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte.  

- is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood.  

- is a measure of the average volume of a red blood cell.  

occurs when a health care professional does not treat a patient with the professionally recognized medical standard of care, resulting in injury, harm, or death.

this refers to black tarry stools, which usually occurs as a result of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.  

a lytic complex of the terminal components of the complement cascade which includes: C5,C6,C7 C8 and multiple copies of C9, that forms in the membrane of target cells.  

a B-cell subtype that are formed after a primary infection.

refers to the membranous layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord.

is an organism that best grows in moderate temperature, neither too hot cold.

is wherein there is an abnormal increase in albumin excretion rate with the specific range of 20-200ug/minute or 30-300mg/24 hours.

is defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the growth of a bacterium.

this is defined as the maximum dilution of the product that will kill a test organism and can be determined by subculturing the last clear MIC tube onto growth medium and examining for bacterial growth.

is a type of crossmatch used if transfusing small patients, in which hemodilution is less likely to occur.

these are tests that are catergorized as of medium complexity and are regulated under CLIA and require meeting accreditation, personnel regulations, quality management, and inspection regulations.

is a procedure wherein high-pressure steam is used to destroy microorganisms by the irreversible denaturation of enzymes and structural proteins.

is antisera where antibodies are derived from a single clone of cells.

is the observance and description of cell size, shape, structure, and form of cells.

describes the motility of sperm and are classified as non-motile, progressively motile, or non-progressively motile.

these are plasma cells derived from malignant tumor strains.

in antimicrobial activity, this means that the antibiotics used for the specific infection when the causative organism is known and will not kill as many of the normal microorganisms in the body as the broad spectrum antibiotics.

are innate immune cells that show spontaneous cytolytic activity against cells under stress such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells.  

is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the nephron which are the functional units of the kidneys.  

refers to the substance that is formed by the reduction of nitrate by nitrate-reducing bacteria.

is anything that the immune system recognizes as a foreign substance.  

is a metabolite of norepinephrine and is created by the action of catechol-O-methyl transferase on norepinephrine.

are molecules that are found in food that is necessary for the normal physiologic function.

refers to organisms that require a sufficient amount of oxygen for growth and multiplication.

refers to the blood that is hidden in the naked eye and this can be a sign of colorectal cancer, ulcers, polyps or other problems.  

refers to the male condition wherein there is lesser sperms in the semen than normal sperm count.  

is an agency that is responsible in ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women (health workers).

means drainage of liquid from the ear. Causes of otorrhea may include: otitis externa, chronic otitis media, acute otitis media with perforation and leaking of cerebrospinal fluid into the ear.

are renal tubular epithelial cells or macrophages filled with lipids to the extent where they are not recognizable and is a common finding in the urine sediment of patients with high grade proteinuria.

refers to the disorders that cause increased sugars, amino acids, or other substances in the urine to increased blood levels.

is a test being used to identify bacteria that produce cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme of the bacterial electron transport chain.

is a condition wherein the pancreas does not make enough of a specific enzyme the body uses to digest food in the small intestine.

refers to the pathologic inflammation of the pancreas.

are series of cells coming from different donors used in the antibody identification test.

refers to the hormone that acts by locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the body.

a change in the appearance or structure of exposed parts of the D antigen.

is a chart that shows the genetic history of a family over several generations.

a process commonly used in order to evaluate a laboratory department, or a specific procedure by a group consisting of ones equals.

refers to the capacity of the man’s sperm to move through the cervical mucus, swim up the endometrial cavity and down the fallopian tubes, and penetrate or fertilize the ovum.  

is a medical procedure that is done in order to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac.  

refers to the immunological tolerance developed after autoreactive T and B cells mature and enter the periphery.  

also known as coagulation factor II, is a naturally occurring enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is an integral step in clot formation.

is a rare inborn metabolic disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.

refers to an individual such as a nurse, or other health worker that is trained in obtaining blood samples.

refers to the process of withdrawing blood by making a puncture in a vein.

these are Mycobacterium spp. which develop pigment in or after being exposed to light.

refers to a clinical laboratory that is associated with physician office labs.

refers to repeated failure to achieve the satisfactory responses to platelet transfusions.

is a medical term that refers to an increased cell count particularly the white blood cell count in blood, or bodily fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).  

refers to any patient testing that is being done at, or near, the actual location of the patient.  

a technique that is being used in order to make many copies of a specific DNA region in vitro.

is defined as the expression of one or two variants of a particular DNA sequence.

a condition where the body urinates more than usual. The urine volume is considered excessive if it equals more than 2.5 liters per day.

are errors in the clinical laboratory that occur after the testing process has been completed and in the reporting of results and correct interpretation of the data by the physicians.  

is equipment used by healthcare workers and is being worn in order minimize exposure to work hazards that could cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.

refers to errors that occur before testing is done on specimen analyzers in the clinical laboratory.

these are substances that are being used in order to prevent disintegration of the cells.

a short nucleic acid sequence and are used to demarcate the segment of the DNA template to be amplified.

is an important tool that is being used in laboratories to show the evidence of their performance and to ensure that their analytical results can be trusted.

one of the segments or joints of a tapeworm. Each proglottid contains both male and female reproductive organs.

refers to the precursor of the active hormone.

is the precursor to insulin. To turn the food into energy, the pancreas make proinsulin. The proinsulin in turn, is made into insulin and another protein called c-peptide.

an apricot or walnut-size shaped part of the male reproductive organ which is responsible in secreting prostate fluid, one of the components of semen.  

- is an inactive protein. When activated, it plays a significant part in blood clot, inflammation, and cell death regulation.  

is the principle for testing protein in the urine reagent strip test wherein there is a color-change phenomenon occuring because proteins act as a hydrogen ion acceptors at a constant pH.

- is a cofactor of activated Protein C for the degradation of activated factors Va and VIIIa.  

is the presence of excess proteins in the urine.

a milky effusion that does not contain chylomicrons.

is a diagram that is used as a way of discovering all the potential combinations of genotypes that can occur in children, given the genotypes of their parents.

is an infection of the renal tubules of the kidney that generally begins in your urethra or bladder and travels to one or both of your kidneys.  

refers to a medical condition wherein there is an elevated number of white blood cells in the urine, which can cause the urine to be cloudy or contain pus.  

refers to the system or process that involves the entire testing process: preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic factors.

is the system being used for recognizing and minimizing errors. This ensures both the precision and accuracy of patient sample results.

is a screening blood test that looks for antibodies to syphilis.

is a water that is suitable for reagent and standard preparation in the laboratory.

is a protein molecule that is found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of the cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell and when such chemicals bind to a receptor, they cause some tissue or cellular response.

a person that receives blood transfusion, or blood components.

is collected through whole blood donation in which plasma is separated from its cellular components. This does not qualify as fresh frozen plasma, but may be used for fractionation.

refers to the measure of the affinity of the compounds for electrons.

refers to the usual values for a healthy population.

are methods being used in the laboratory and usually has small, estimated inaccuracies, relative to the end use requirement.

are connective tissue extensions of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids anchoring the cortex. The renal columns help the renal cortex to be better anchored.

are cone-like shaped kidney tissues that filter blood and remove unwanted substances in the body.

is an enzyme that is produced and stored by the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the renal nephron and is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates the body’s water balance and blood pressure level.  

is a medication that is used to prevent an immune response to Rh positive blood sample in people with an Rh negative blood type. This may also be used in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

is one of the rarest blood types which lacks all Rh antigens.

refers to the condition wherein there is a significant amount of nasal discharge.

is a bacterial infection transmitted by a tick caused by the organism Rickettsia ricketsii.

refers to the in vitro formation clump of cells consisting a central cell surrounded by other cells.

are coin-like stacking of red blood cells that are caused by poor blood smear preparation or an increased serum proteins, particularly fibrinogen and globulins.

is wherein there is the spillage of chemicals from one reagent pad to another causing false readings of color reactions.

these are Mycobacterium spp. which develop pigment when grown in both light and dark.

are analyses performed in semen in order to evaluate if there is a problem in a man’s sperm or semen which may be causing infertility.

are two sac-like structures found in the male pelvis that store and produce the majority of the fluid the makes up the semen.  

is a type of arthritis that is caused infection in the joint, and the infection can come from germs that travel through your bloodstream from another part of the body.

is a kind of dilution wherein the concentration decreases by the same quantity in each successive step.

refers to the development of detectable specific antibodies to microorganisms in the blood as a result of infection or immunization.  

refers to various bodily fluids that resemble serum, and are usually pale yellow and transparent and of a benign nature.

is a condition wherein the pituitary gland is damaged during childbirth and is usually caused by hemorrhage or extremely low blood pressure after child labor.

occurs when there is a variation in the genetic sequence that affects only one of the basic building blocks- Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, or Cytosine in the genome differs between members of a species or paired chromosomes in an individual.

is an anticoagulant that is being used for coagulation studies.

is a substance that inhibits the glycolytic enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown of glucose in the blood.

is the anticoagulant that is being used in blood culture specimens in microbiology.

is a technique in which RBC antigens or antibodies are immobilized in microplate wells to detect antigen-antibody interaction.

 

refers to the method that is being used in chemistry for the measurement of absorption capabilities of certain compounds with reference to wavelengths of light on the ultraviolet and visible light ranges.

refers to the classification system that uses objective medical criteria to assess the stage of the disease progression.

is a reagent that is being used in the calibration of an instrument of method.

are materials that are being used for the comparison of measurement.

refers to the condition wherein there is excess fat in the feces due to poor fat absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.  

involves the spatial arrangement of molecules.

are hormones that are all biosynthesized from cholesterol, using the same initial biochemical pathways.

is the appearance of Bacillus anthracis under the microscope after short-term exposure to penicillin.

are conditions that associated with a thyrotoxic phase when thyroid hormones are leaking out into the circulation, a hypothyroid phase when the thyroid gland is repairing itself and a euthyroid phase once the gland is repaired.

these are substances that lowers the surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli.

refers to the temporary loss of consciousness, or fainting.

an autoimmune disorder wherein the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.  

these are cells that specialize in destroying virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue grafts that exist in the cytosol, or contiguous nuclear compartment.

a type of T cell that helps other cells in the immune response by recognizing foreign antigens and secreting substances called cytokines that activate T and B cells.

is a statistical test that is being used in order to compare the mean of two groups of data.

a medical procedure wherein a needle is inserted into the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall in order to collect excess fluid, also known as pleural effusion.  

- also known as coagulation factor II, is a naturally occurring enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which is an integral step in clot formation.  

is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of a vein.  

a state wherein there is thyroid hormone excess in the circulation.

is the science that deals with the study of poisons, their actions, their detection, and treatment of the conditions produced by them.

alleles found on opposite chromosomes of a homologous pair.

are adverse reactions that occur during, or after 24 hours following transfusion of blood or one of its components.

occurs after procedural manipulation of a particular body site colonized by indigenous flora. Bacteria in transient bacteremia are present in the bloodstream for minutes to a few hours before being cleared from the body, and the result is typically harmless in healthy people.

are microorganisms that are present at body sites for short periods, sometimes for days or weeks.

refers to sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell, a process called transposition.

refers to a digestive tract disorder that happens as a result of eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It is often caused by Escherichia coli; also known as turista.

is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by a parasite, also known as Trichomonas vaginalis.

a protein that binds to actin in thin microfilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex.

is a part of the troponin complex that is useful in the laboratory diagnosis of a heart attack.

refers to an infectious agent that is capable of producing disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.

is a rare infectious disease that typically infects wild rodents, squirrels, birds, and rabbits. The disease is caused by the bacterium Francisela tularensis.

is one of the characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes when viewed with light microscopy.

refers to antigens that are not unique to tumors and are also seen on normal cells.

refers to the substances that are produced by the body in response to cancer growth or by the cancer tissue itself and maybe detected in blood, urine, or tissue samples.

is a cytokine that play important roles in diverse cellular events such as cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death.

refers to antigens that are only present on tumor cells and not normal on any cells.

is a method being used in determining the amount of decreased light transmitted through a solution as a result of light scatter by particles.

is the other name of Traveler’s diarrhea

a solution that has passsed through a semipermeable membrane with very small pores in the glomerulus. This solution contains low molecular weight solutes that will eventually become urine after being acted upon by the nephron and exiting the collecting duct.

is a membrane separation technique that is able to remove particulate matter, microorganisms and any pyrogens or endotoxins.

is an element that is present in tissues at concentrations of mg/kg amounts and has extremely low daily requirements.

a compound that is first produced in the liver through the metabolism of nucleic acids and amino acids.

is the clinical and laboratory syndrome wherein there is a very high level of urea in the blood.

is a tube that carries the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

the end product of purine metabolism in humans.

it is the colorless by-product or derivative of bilirubin reduction.

is the process wherein there is the formation of stones in urinary tract.

is the number of electrons that are needed to fill the outermost shell of an atom.

refers to the process of evaluating the performance of a new instrument or test methodology, often in relation to an instrument or methodology that is currently in use.

these are drugs that open blood vessels, which allow to blood to flow easily.

refers to the parameter that is being evaluated to determine whether the sperm is dead or alive.

it refers to the concurrent presentation of masculine sex characteristics in the female.

refers to the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in the host.

is a medical term used to describe the thick appearance of a bodily fluid.

these are different forms of one vitamin.

an organic compound that is required in the diet in small amounts to perform biologic functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health.

is the major metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Measurement of this in the urine is a diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma.

refers to the laboratory testing that employs specific methods designated under CLIA of the FDA as waived. This kind of testing is designated by the CLIA as simple tests that carry the low risk for an incorrect result. The waived test include tests listed in the CLIA regulations, tests cleared(...)

is a gelatinous substance that has high concentrations of growth factors and cytokines, which have powerful anti inflammatory properties.

is a rare bacterial infection that most often affects your joints and digestive system. It is caused by the bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei.

is considered to be the most deadly form of anthrax. People that work in wool mills, slaughterhouses, and tanneries may breathe in the spores when working with infected animals or contaminated animal products from infected animals.

refers to methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way the task is carried out.

refers to the reaction wherein a constant amount of the drug is eliminated per unit of time but the rate is independent of the concentration of the drug.

is the degree of negative charge on the surface of a red blood cell; it is the potential difference between the negative charges on the red blood cells and the cations in the fluid portion of the blood.

is the middle zone of the Adrenal Cortex, deep to the Zona Glomerulosa and superficial to the Zona reticularis. This layer is responsible for the production of glucocorticoids such as 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol in humans.

is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for the synthesis of mineralocorticoid hormones, which play an important role in the maintenance of electrolyte and water balance in the body.

is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for the production of and secretion of androgens.

refers to the degree of similarity or the dissimilarity of genes on the homologous chromosomes of a zygote, or fertilized egg.