Weil-Felix Test Certain strains of Proteus vulgaris share antigens with Rickettsial species. P. vulgaris – OX-2 & OX-19 P. mirabilis – OX-K Organism Disease R. prowazekii Epidemic typhus, Brill’s disease R. ricketsii RMSF R. tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus R. akari Rickettsial pox R. mooseri (R. typhi) Murine typhus Widal test For detection of antibodies in typhoid …
TERMS Competitive – both labeled and unlabeled antigen are added simultaneously thus competing for binding sites of antibody (inversely proportional) Noncompetitive – an excess antibody binding site is present so that all patientanalyte can be bound and measured (directly proportional) Homogenous – no washing (separation) step. Heterogenous – with washing step. EXAMPLES OF LABELED IMMUNOASSAYS …
Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) “Fak Me, James RID” Antibody is incorporated into the gel medium; antigen is placed on the well, diffuses and reacts with an antibody; diameter of precipitation is measured Fahey & McKelvey Kinetic method Measurement is done before equivalence point Time: 18hrs d = log antigen conc Mancini Endpoint method Antigen is allowed …
Direct Agglutination – antigens are found on the surface of particlE Indirect Agglutination – soluble antigens are attached to carrier particles (eg. Latex, beads or charcoal). Antibody (if present) then attaches to the particulate antigen Hemagglutination – antigens are found on the surface of red cells Reverse Passive Agglutination – antibody is the one attached …
HYPERSENSITIVITY Type I Type II Type III Type IV Other names ImmediateAnaphylactic Cytotoxic Immunecomplex DelayedCell-mediated Antigen Heterologous Heterologousor autologous(on surface ofcells) Heterologousor autologous(soluble) Heterologousor autologous Immunemediator IgE IgG and IgM IgG and IgM T cells Mechanism Release ofmediators Cytolysis Deposition ofantigenantibodycomplexes Release oflymphokines Efffector cells Basophils,mast cells RBCs, WBCsand platelets Host tissuecells T cellsMacrophages …
Group of genes that controls the expression of a large group of protein Plays a role in graft rejection Located in chromosome 6p CLASS I CLASS II HLA proteins A, B & C DR, DQ & DP Chain Structure α1, α2 α3, β2 – macroglobulin α1, α2 β1, β2 Found on All nucleated cells …
Otherwise known as immunoglobulins, agglutinins or gamma globulins (because of their electrophoretic migration) Paratope – antibody determinant; binding site May be present on the surface of B-cells or secreted by plasma cells Produced in response to immunogenic stimulation Sediment rate is expressed using Svedberg unit Can be naturally occurring or immunogenic; cold reactive or warm …
“antibody generators” Otherwise known as agglutinogen Substances that may or may not elicit an immune response FORMS: Autologous antigen (autoantigen) – host’s OWN antigen (self-antigens) Alloantigen – from DIFFERENT individual of the SAME species Heterophile antigens (Heteroantigen) – from DIFFERENT species Homologous – antigens that induces an immune response thus production of antibodies persists. The …
Immunology – study of how a host’s body discriminate between self andforeign antigens and thereby eliminating these foreign substances. Immunity – state of being resistant to infections Tolerance – lack of immune response to self-antigens Innate/Natural/ Nonspecific Adaptive/Acquired/ Specific CELLULAR Antigen-presenting cells (eg.Dendritic cells)Phagocytes, eosinophils,basophils, mast cellsNK cells T-cells (T-cytotoxic and Thelper) B-cells and …
YEAR PERSONS INVOLVED RESEARCH/EVENT 1492 Pope Innocent and3 donors First blood transfusion recorded in history 1500 Chinese Variolation; Insufflation– material was dried into a powder andinhaled by non-immune person 1700 Edward Jenner Cross-immunity (exposure to cowpox andimmunity to small pox) 1880 Louis Pasteur Attenuation*, rabies vaccine– bacteria/viruses are weakened 1888 Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytosis 1901 Emil …
