“antibody generators” Otherwise known as agglutinogen Substances that may or may not elicit an immune response FORMS: Autologous antigen (autoantigen) – host’s OWN antigen (self-antigens) Alloantigen – from DIFFERENT individual of the SAME species Heterophile antigens (Heteroantigen) – from DIFFERENT species Homologous – antigens that induces an immune response thus production of antibodies persists. The …
Immunology – study of how a host’s body discriminate between self andforeign antigens and thereby eliminating these foreign substances. Immunity – state of being resistant to infections Tolerance – lack of immune response to self-antigens Innate/Natural/ Nonspecific Adaptive/Acquired/ Specific CELLULAR Antigen-presenting cells (eg.Dendritic cells)Phagocytes, eosinophils,basophils, mast cellsNK cells T-cells (T-cytotoxic and Thelper) B-cells and …
YEAR PERSONS INVOLVED RESEARCH/EVENT 1492 Pope Innocent and3 donors First blood transfusion recorded in history 1500 Chinese Variolation; Insufflation– material was dried into a powder andinhaled by non-immune person 1700 Edward Jenner Cross-immunity (exposure to cowpox andimmunity to small pox) 1880 Louis Pasteur Attenuation*, rabies vaccine– bacteria/viruses are weakened 1888 Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytosis 1901 Emil …
Whole blood clot lysis time Clot lysis after 48hrs – NORMAL Clot lysis before 48hrs – INCREASED FIBRINOLYSIS Euglobulin clot lysis time Euglobulin – protein that precipitates when plasma is diluted with water and acidified Protamine sulfate Detects presence of fibrin monomers Paracoagulation Ethanol Gelation Test More specific than protamine sulfate but less sensitive Latex …
Clotting Time Screening method for problems associated with clotting and coagulation mechanism Prolonged in all coagulation disorders Prothrombin Time For monitoring of extrinsic and common pathways Used to monitor Coumadin/Warfarin/Coumarin therapy – oral anticoagulants Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time For monitoring of intrinsic and common pathways Used to monitor heparin therapy – intravenous anticoagulant Activators used: …
Platelet count Indirect method Platelets counted in relation to 1000 RBC in the smear Dameshek mtd, Fonio’s mtd, Olef’s mtd and Cramer and Bannerman Significant bleeding occurs at a platelet count of <50 x 103/uL Direct method Most accurate way of platelet count Whole blood is diluted using an RBC pipet and counted in the …
Referred in roman numerals Except for kallikrein & HMWK Assigned by International Committee of Nomenclature of Blood Coagulation Factors In the order of its discovery. “a” denotes for “activated serine protease” “f” denotes for “fragmented factor XII” (XIIf) Factor VI – discovered to be activated Factor V Nonexistent COAGULATION FACTORS Numeral Preferred name Synonyms I …
Delayed, long-term response COAGULATION FACTORS Enzyme precursors (zymogens) Nonenzymatic cofactors Calcium Phospholipid (from platelet) Serine Protease – active enzymes Have exposed serine-rich, active enzyme sites. Hydrolyze arginine- or lysine-containing peptide of zymogens Zymogens – no biological activity until converted to active enzymes (serine proteases). Cofactors: II VII IX X XI XII Prekallikrein Cofactors – assist …
Respond to vascular injury or desquamation Rapid, short-lived response to damage Involves Blood vessels Platelets ANTICOAGULANT PROPERTIES OF INTACT ENDOTHELIUM Rhomboid; contiguous – prevents harmful turbulence Secretes: Prostacyclin – eicosanoid platelet inhibitor Nitric oxide – “relaxing” factor Promotes vasodilation Inhibits platelet activation Promotes angiogenesis and healthy arterioles Heparan sulfate – anticoagulant glycosaminoglycan Tissue Factor Pathway …
Greek meaning: “stoppage of blood flow” Complex interaction between blood vessels, platelets, & biochemical factors in plasma. Keeps circulating blood in fluid state Coagulation – stops bleeding Fibrinolysis – dissolves clot HEMOSTATIC COMPONENTS Extravascular component Tissue surrounds blood vessels Vascular component Blood vessel Intravascular components Platelets Plasma proteins EXTRAVASCULAR COMPONENT Provides back pressure on injured …
