Acute leukemia – >30% blasts in peripheral blood (based on FAB but 20% based on WHO) and >50% blasts in bone marrow ALL – most common form of childhood leukemia Chronic leukemia – <10% blasts in PB CLL – most common form in elderly M:E ratio is 10:1 MPO stain fresh blood is required used …
In size: anisocytosis In hemoglobin content: anisochromia HYPOCHROMIA GRADING 1+ Area of central pallor is ½ of cell diameter 2+ Area of central pallor is 2/3 of cell diameter 3+ Area of central pallor is ¾ of cell diameter 4+ Thin rim of hemoglobin POLYCHROMASIA GRADING Slight 1% 1+ 3% 2+ 5% 3+ 10% 4+ …
A decrease in either number of RBCs, hemoglobin or hematocrit NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIA Examples: Aplastic anemia Hemolytic anemia Anemia of Chronic disease Associated with inflammatory process Low TIBC Sickle cell anemia Type of hemoglobinopathy β26 Glu → Val oxygen is released thus “sickling” of cells occur resistance to P. falciparum Primary cause of death: infectious crisis …
HEMATOCRIT Aka Packed Cell Volume Layers of anticoagulated whole blood (top to bottom) Plasma Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells MICROHEMATOCRIT METHOD Capillary tube Length – 7cm (70mm) Bore – 0.1cm (1mm) Blood should fill – ¾ or at least 5cm (50mm) Sealing clay – 4 – 6mm Types: Red tip – with 1IU …
Overall function – mediates immunity Granulocytes WBCs whose cytoplasm is filled with granules different staining characteristics nuclei are lobulated and segmented. Eosinophil Granules – basic proteins Stains with acid stain Basophil Granules – acidic Stains with basic stain Neutrophil React with both acidic and basic stain o Gives them pink to lavender color. Mononuclear cells …
Typically occurs in erythroid island Nomenclature System Normoblastic(United States) Rubriblastic Erythroblastic(Europe) Pronormoblast Rubriblast Proerythroblast Basophilic Normoblast Prorubricyte Basophilic erythroblast Polychromaticnormoblast Rubricyte Polychromaticerythroblast Orthochromicnormoblast Metarubricyte Orthochromic erythroblast Polychromatic erythrocyte Polychromatic erythrocyte Polychromatic erythrocyte Erythrocyte BFU-E (Burst-forming unit- erythroid) Erythroid progenitor 1 week to mature to CFU-E 18 – 21 days from BFU-E to mature RBC CFU-E …
Monophyletic theory – all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell. Most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists today. Polyphyletic theory – each blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem. HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS and CYTOKINES Common Lymphoid Progenitor – differentiates into T, B, and …
Continuous and regulated process of blood cell production that includes: Cell renewal Proliferation Differentiation Maturation MESOBLASTIC PHASE Cells from mesoderm migrates to YOLK SAC Hematopoiesis begins at 19TH DAY OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT (occurs intravascularly) PRIMITIVE ERYTHROBLAST produces: Gower -1 (2 epsilon; 2 zeta) Gower – 2 (2 alpha; 2 epsilon) Portland – 1 (2 zeta; …
Blood: Red color is attributed to hemoglobin pH: 7.35 – 7.45 Specific gravity: 1.055 Composition Liquid portion (plasma – in unclotted blood; serum – in clotted blood) Solid portion (RBCs, WBCs and platelets) Gaseous portion (oxygen and carbon dioxide) Collection Most critical step in blood collection – PATIENT IDENTIFICATION SKIN PUNCTURE Used when there is …
Feces ¾ = water ¼ = bacteria, undigested food stuffs, bile pigments, cells, electrolytes and GI secretions 100-200 g of stool/per day is defecated Appearance Brown (due to urobilin/stercobilin) Black, tarry Upper GI bleeding, bismuth Red Lower GI bleeding Gray Barium sulfate Frothy Pancreatic disorders Rice watery Cholera Pea-soup Typhoid Scybalous Constipation Ribbon-like Intestinal constriction …
