Composition: 95-97% water, 3-5% solids Sample should be delivered and tested in the laboratory within 2 hours As soon as urine is voided, changes occur TOTAL SOLIDS IN 24 HOURS: 60 grams MAJOR ORGANIC SUBS: UREA MAJOR INORGANIC SUBS:Cl- > Na+ > K CHANGES IN UNPRESERVED URINE INCREASED REASON Odor Urea ➡ ammonia due to bacterial …
RENAL FUNCTIONS RENAL BLOOD FLOW GLOMERULAR FILTRATION TUBULAR REABSORPTION TUBULAR SECRETION Urine Formation Glomerulus 🡆 PCT 🡆 Loop of Henle 🡆 DCT 🡆 CD 🡆 Calyx 🡆 Renal Pelvis I. Renal Blood Flow 1. Renal artery Supplies 25% of blood to kidney (blood in) 2. Afferent arteriole Entry of blood (to the nephrons) 3. Glomerulus …
Functional unit of kidneys 1 – 1.5 million EACH kidney Composed of glomerulus and tubules 2 types of nephrons: Cortical nephron: 85% (majority) For tubular reabsorption and removal of waste products, Juxtamedullary nephron: For the concentration of urine GLOMERULUS Consists of a coil approx. of 8 capillary lobes Within Bowman’s capsule NONSELECTIVE FILTER (substances <70k …
E. histolytica Transmission Fecal-oral Morphology Oocyst Troph: bullseye shaped nucleus; RBC in cytoplasm Clinical Findings Asymptomatic carrier Bloody diarrhea Liver abscess Diagnosis Fecal smear Serology CT Scan G. lamblia Transmission Fecal-oral Morphology Oocyst Flagellated trophozoite Clinical Findings Foul smelling,greasy diarrhea Diagnosis Fecal smear Immunoassay Isospora spp. Transmission Fecal-oral Morphology Oocyst Clinical Findings Severe diarrhea and …
Known as flukes Requires 2 intermediate hosts exc. Schistosomes 1st – snail 2nd : FISH H. heterophyes,C. sinensisO. felineus CRAB P. westermani PLANT F. hepaticaF. giganticaF. buski SNAIL E. ilocanum BLOOD FLUKES S. japonicum – small lateral knob; oriental blood fluke; katayama syndrome; swimmer’s itch; snail fever S. mansoni – prominent lateral; smallest blood …
Tapeworm; flat and ribbon-like Hermaphrodite; lack digestive organs Body Scolex (head) Neck (region of growth) Proglottids (strobila) Taenia spp Taenia solium Taenia saginata Common name Pork Tapeworm Beef tapeworm Intermediate host Pig; man Cattle Scolex w/ rostellum armedwith 2 rows of large &small hooklets No rostellar hooks4 prominent acetabula Length <7 meters <25 meters …
SUBCUTANEOUS Loa loa Mansonella streptocerca Onchocerca volvulus SEROUS CAVITY Mansonella spp. LYMPHATIC Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi W. bancrofti B. malayi Mean length (um) 290 222 Cephalic space:breadth 1:1 2:1 Sheath in giemsa Unstained Pink Nuclei Regularly spaced;separate Irregularly spaced;overlapping Tail Single row of nuclei;does not reach tail end Single row of nucleireaches the tail …
Characteristics Cylindrical, elongated, & bilaterally symmetrical Anterior end equipped with hook, teeth, plates and papillae Alimentary tract is simple, extending from mouth to anus. NO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM UNHOLY THREE Hookworm Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura HEART-LUNG MIGRATION Ascaris lumbricoides Strongyloides stercoralis Hookworm SMALL INTESTINE Capillaria philippinensis Hookworm Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Strongyloides stercoralis LARGE INTESTINE Enterobius …
Slender, rod-shaped (0.2- 0.6 um x 1- 10um in size) Nonmotile; non-spore formers Strictly aerobic Increased CO2 – enhances growth RAPID GROWERS Grows in simple media Grows 2-3 days 20-40°C DISEASE-ASSOCIATED MYCOBACTERIA Requires 2-6 weeks Requires complex media Has specific optimal temp. MTB COMPLEX M. microti – TB in immunocompetent and compromised M. africanum – …
