DEFINITION OF TERMS: Pharmacodynamics: what the drugs do to the body Pharmacokinetics: what the body does to the drug (biotransformation, distribution, metabolism and elimination) First pass metabolism: drugs enter the hepatic route first before entering the general circulation Half-life: time needed for a drug’s concentration in serum to decrease intohalf Peak specimen: collection of this …
TOXIC AGENTS Alcohol Ethanol (grain alcohol): most commonly abused chemical substance STAGES OF IMPAIRMENT BLOOD ALCOHOL (% w/v) SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 0.01 – 0. 05 No obvious impairment, some changes observableon performance testing 0.03 – 0.12 Mild euphoria, decreased inhibitions, someimpairment of motor skills 0.09 – 0.25 Decreased inhibitions, loss of critical judgment,memory impairment, …
study of endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete HORMONES are chemical signals that are secreted by cells into the blood stream thattravels to its target tissues POSITIVE FEEDBACK An increase in the hormoneproduct results to anelevated activity (anotherhormone production) of thesystem NEGATIVE FEEDBACK A decrease in the hormoneproduct results to adecreased activity (anotherhormone production) …
DEFINITION OF TERMS: Acid: a compound that could donate a H+ ion Base: a compound that could accept a H+ ion Acid-Base Balance: a mechanism by which the pH of blood is maintained at 7.35-7.45 for homeostasis Buffer: a weak acid/base with its conjugate salt that resists changes in Ph ACID BASE BALANCEHENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION Implicates …
ELECTRONEUTRALITY Na+ + K+ + 7 = Cl- + HCO3- + 25 ANION GAP: difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations AG = Na+ – (Cl- + HCO3-) AG = Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO3-) Ref. range: 7-16 mmol/L Ref. range: 10-20 mmol/L Information Sodium Most abundant cation in the ECF Has the …
Catalyzes reaction DEFINITION OF TERMS Apoenzyme: protein portion of enzyme without cofactor Holoenzyme: complete active enzyme Active site: site where enzymatic reaction occurs Allosteric site: site other than the active site Isoenzyme: forms of enzyme that are different from each other but still catalyzes same reaction CATEGORIES Oxidoreductase For oxidation/reduction reactions Ex: LDH, G6PD and …
Monitor and asses renal function. Result from the breakdown of protein and nucleic acids. UREA Most abundant (45-50%) NPN Major end product of protein metabolism First metabolite to increase in kidney dxs BUN:Crea Ratio 10:1-20:1 Urea is decreased in severe hepatic dxs Methods: Micro-Kjeldahl Nesslerization method Indirect method Nitrogen x 2.14 = urea x 0.467 …
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Most abundant macromolecule in the body Amphoteric in nature Synthesized in the liver except for immunoglobulins (which are synthesized by plasma cells) In alkaline Ph = proteins are negatively charged In acidic pH = proteins are positively charged Structures: Primary: amino acid sequence Secondary: conformations could either be …
Lipids are more commonly referred to as fats Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents Major forms of lipids: FATTY ACIDS Simplest Building blocks of lipids Saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (with double bonds) TRIGLYCERIDES Tri – three molecules of fatty acids + one molecule of glycerol Breakdown is facilitated by lipoprotein lipase …
Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Are water soluble Are important source of energy for the body’s mechanisms Classifications: Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose and galactose Disaccharides: maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose) and sucrose (fructose + glucose; most common non reducing sugar) Polysaccharides: starch and glycogen GLUCOSE Primary sugar found circulating in the body …
